1. But see S. Gardner's (1993, Chap. 3, p. 50) for a discussion of whether Davidsons version of mental subsystems provides a successfi.il explanation of irrationality.

2. I am greatly indebted to the psychoanalytic historian Rosemarie Sand for providing me with much information concerning these historical examples.

3. This chapter uniformly disparages my views, and alas is replete with contrived fault-finding and red herrings; see the rebuttals in Erwin (1996, pp. 130–136) and in Grtinbaum (1994).

4. Cavell is referring to Freud's 1926 signal theory of anxiety. Eric Gillett (1990, Section II, pp. 558-568) has urged both logical and empirical difficulties against this theory.

5. All citations of Freud's writings in English are from the Standard Edition of the Complete P~sychological Works of SigmundFreud, translated by J. Strachey et al. London: Llogarth Press, 1953–1974. 24 vols. Each reference will use the abbreviation "S.E." followed by the year of first appearance, volume number, and page(s).

6. The reference to p. 79 is incorrect and should have been to pp. 76–77. It matters, because p.79 is the one from which Cavell generated her erroneous statement that my objection to the applicability of the PS here is that paranoid behavior is irrational. I had neither said nor implied that!

7. Besides Rosemarie Sand (see note 2 above), I am greatly indebted to Edward Erwin for ongoing helpful discussions, and for his further defenses of my views (see Erwin 1993, 1997b). Besides, I thank Frederick Crews for having suggested a number of expository improvements in the text above. Finally, I am greatly indebted to Jerome Wakefield, a quondam student and philosophical partisan of Davidson's, for having offered me challenging criticisms of the original text of this paper. His challenge has enabled me to articulate my strictures further, but has not persuaded me to retract any of them.

Augustine. (1961) Confessions, translated by R.S. Pine-Coffin, New York: Penguin, pp. 233–234. Cavell, M. (1993) The Psychoanalytic Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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Eagle, M. (1980) "A Critical Examination of Motivational Explanation in Psychoanalysis," Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 3:329–380. This article was preprinted in: L. Laudan (ed.), Mind and Medicine: Explanation and Evaluation in Psychiatry and the Biomedical Sciences. Pittsburgh Series in the Philosophy and History of Science, vol. 8. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983, pp. 329–380.

Erwin, E. (1993) "Philosophers on Freudianism," in: J. Earman et al. (eds.), Philosophical Problems of the Internal and External Worlds: Essays on the Philosophy of Adolf Grunbaum. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 409–460.

Erwin, E. (1996) A FinalAccounting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Erwin, E. (1997a) Philosophy and Psychotherapy: Razing the Troubles of the Brain. London: Sage Publications.

Erwin, E. (1997b) "Psychoanalysis: Past, Present, and Future," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research L VII(3) (September): 671–696.

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Gillett, E. (1990) "The Problem of Unconscious Affect: Signal Anxiety Versus the Double-Prediction Theory," Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 13(4): 551–600.

Grunbaum, A. (1984) The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press. There are German, Italian, French, Japanese, and Hungarian translations.

Grunbaum, A. (1986) "Pr~cis of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique," and "Author's Response" to 40 Reviewers: "Is Freud's Theory Well-Founded?" Behavioral & Brain Sciences 9(2) (June): 217–284.

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Moore, M. (1983) "The Nature of Psychoanalytic Explanation," in: L. Laudan (ed.), Mind and Medicine: Explanation and Evaluation in Psychiatry and the Biomedical Sciences.Pittsburgh Series in the Philosophy and History of Science, vol. 8. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 5–78.

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Nagel, T. (1994b) "Freud's Permanent Revolution," Letter-to-the-Editor: Reply to Oii~nbaum. The New York Review of Books XLI(14) (August 11): 55–56.