1. This is a moderately revised version of the paper which appeared in (1999) D. Aerts, J. Broekaert, and E. Mathijs (eds.), Einstein Meets Magritte, an Interdisciplinary Reflection: The White Book of Einstein Meets Magritte. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 219-239.

2. All citations of Freud's writings in English are from the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by J. Strachey et al. London: Hogarth Press, 1953-1974. 24 vols. Each reference will use the abbreviation "S.E." followed by the year of first appearance, volume number, and page(s).

3. Quotations from Stephan's reference are my English translations of his German text.

Brenner, C. (1982), The Mind in Conflict. New York: International Universities Press.

Brentano, F. (1995), Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.

Carrier, M. and Mittelstrass, J. (1991), Mind, Brain, Behavior: The Mind-Body Problem and the Philosophy of Psychology. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Connolly, J. and Keutner, T. (eds.), (1988), Hermeneutics Versus Science? Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

Edelson, M. (1988), Psychoanalysis: A Theory in Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Freud, S. (1929), "Psychoanalysis: Freudian School," in: Encyclopedia Britannica, vol.14. New York, pp. 672-674.

Grünbaum, A. (1984), The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press. There are German, Italian, French, Japanese, and Hungarian translations.

Grünbaum, A. (1988), "The Role of the Case Study Method in the Foundations of Psychoanalysis," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 18:623-658. Reprinted from: Die Philosophen und Freud, L. Nagl and H. Vetter (eds.). Vienna, Austria: R. Oldenbourg Verlag.

Grünbaum, A. (1990), " ‘Meaning' Connections and Causal Connections in the Human Sciences: The Poverty of Hermeneutic Philosophy," Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 38 (3) (September): 559-577.

Grünbaum, A. (1993), Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.

Jaspers, K. (1974), "Causal and ‘Meaningful' Connexions Between Life History and Psychosis," in: S. Hirsch and M. Shepard (eds.), Themes and Variations in European Psychiatry. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, pp. 80-93.

Phillips, J. (1991), "Hermeneutics in Psychoanalysis," Psychoanalysis & Contemporary Thought 14:382.

Ricoeur, P. (1970), Freud and Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Ricoeur, P. (1981), Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rubinstein, B. (1975), "On the Role of Classificatory Processes in Mental Functioning: Aspects of a Psychoanalytic Theoretical Model," Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Science 3: 101-185.

Rubinstein, B. (1983; reprinted 1992), "Freud's Early Theories of Hysteria," in: R.S. Cohen and L. Laudan (eds.), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Adolf Grünbaum. Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., pp. 169-190.

Rubovitz-Seitz, P. (1994), Letter-to-the-Editor, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 42(4): 1311.

Searle, J. (1990), Intentionality. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sherwood, M. (1969), The Logic of Explanation in Psychoanalysis. New York: Academic Press.

Sober, E. (1987), "Parsimony, Likelihood, and the Principle of the Common Cause," Philosophy of Science 54: 465-469.

Sober, E. (1988), "The Principle of the Common Cause," in: J. Fetzer (ed.), Probability and Causality. Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., pp. 211-228.

Stephan, A. (1989), Sinn Als Bedeutung: Bedeutungstheoretische Untersuchungen Zur Psychoanalyse Sigmund Freud's. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Sullivan, R. (1993), Book Review of "Hermeneutics Versus Science?" Philosophy of the Social Sciences 23(2) (June).

Toulmin, S. (1954), "The Logical Status of Psycho-Analysis," in: M. MacDonald (ed.), Philosophy and Analysis. New York: Philosophical Library, pp. 132-139. Reprinted from Analysis 9 (1948).